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Morris Leopold Ernst (August 23, 1888 – May 21, 1976) was an American lawyer and co-founder of the American Civil Liberties Union. He was born in Uniontown, Alabama, on August 23, 1888, to a Czech-born father and German mother. His parents were Jewish. He lived in various locations around New York City from the age of 2. He attended the Horace Mann School and graduated from Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts, in 1909. He studied law at night and was admitted to the bar in 1913. ==Career== Ernst practiced law in New York City and in 1915 co-founded the law firm of Greenbaum, Wolff & Ernst. In 1917, he helped found the National Civil Liberties Bureau, which later became the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). From 1929 to 1959, he shared the title of general counsel at the ACLU with Arthur Garfield Hays. He became vice chairman of the ACLU's board in 1955. In 1933, on behalf of Random House, he successfully defended James Joyce's novel ''Ulysses'' against obscenity charges, leading to its distribution in the U.S.〔TIME: (A Welcome to Ulysses" ), December 18, 1933〕 Because he wrote the foreword to the book, he earned several hundred thousand dollars in royalties from its sales. He won similar cases on behalf of Radclyffe Hall's ''The Well of Loneliness'' and Arthur Schnitzler's ''Casanova's Homecoming''. In 1937, as attorney for the American Newspaper Guild, he argued successfully in the Supreme Court that it should uphold the constitutionality of the National Labor Relations Act (the Wagner Act) as applied to the press. The case established the right of media employees to organize labor unions. Ernst was a strong supporter of J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI. In 1940, as head of the ACLU, he agreed to bar communists from employment there and even discouraged their membership, basing his position on a distinction between the rights of the individual and the rights of groups. In 1946, President Harry Truman appointed him to the President's Committee on Civil Rights. He counted Justice Louis Brandeis as a close friend and later had close personal relationships with Presidents Franklin Roosevelt and Harry Truman and New York Governor Herbert Lehman. Besides politicians, he also was friendly with many cultural figures, including Edna Ferber, E. B. White, Groucho Marx, Compton Mackenzie, Al Capp, Charles Addams, Grandma Moses, Heywood Broun, and Margaret Bourke-White. In 1956, Jesús Galíndez, a critic of the regime of Rafael Trujillo in the Dominican Republic, disappeared, abducted from New York City, it was charged, by Trujillo's agents. Hired by Trujillo to investigate the affair, Ernst's resulting report cleared the Trujillo regime of involvement in Galindez's disappearance, but the FBI and the press remained unconvinced.〔TIME: ("Whitewash for Trujillo" ), June 9, 1958〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Morris Ernst」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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